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    A price to pay: Turkish and Northern American retaliation for threats to personal and family honor
    (Wiley, 2015) Uskul, Ayse K.; Cross, Susan E.; Guensoy, Ceren; Gercek-Swing, Berna; Alozkan, Cansu; Ataca, Bilge
    Two studies investigated retaliatory responses to actual honor threats among members of an honor culture (Turkey) and a dignity culture (northern United States). The honor threat in these studies was based on previous research which has shown that honesty is a key element of the conception of honor and that accusations of dishonesty are threatening to one's honor. In both studies, participants wrote an essay describing the role of honesty in their lives and received feedback on their essay accusing them of being dishonest (vs. neutral feedback). Turkish participants retaliated more strongly than did northern U.S. participants against the person who challenged their honesty by assigning him/her to solve more difficult tangrams over easy ones (Study 1) and by choosing sensory tasks of a higher level of intensity to complete (Study 2). Study 2 added a relational honor condition, in which participants wrote about honesty in their parents' lives and examined the role of individual differences in honor values in retaliation. Endorsement of honor values significantly predicted retaliation among Turkish participants in the relational honor attack condition, but not among northern U.S. participants. Aggr. Behav. 41:594-607, 2015. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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    Duyguları sergileme kuralları ve bağlamsal belirleyicileri: Türkiye'de üniversite öğrencileri ile yapılan bir araştırma
    (2011) Bolak, Hale Boratav; Sunar, Diane; Ataca, Bilge
    Bu araştırma, kültürlerarası bir çalışmanın parçası olup Türkiye'de duyguları sergileme kurallarını araştırmaktadır. Sergileme kuralları, erken yaşlarda öğrenilen ve kişilere duygusal ifadelerini sosyal koşullara göre ayarlamasında yardımcı olan ilkeler topluluğudur. İstanbul'da okuyan 235 üniversite öğrencisi (151 kadm, 84 erkek) Sergileme Kurallarını Değerlendirme Envanteri'ni (The Display Rule Assessment Inventory; DRAI) doldurdular. Katılımcılara, iki farklı ortamda (özel veya kamusal) birlikte oldukları 20 hedef kişiye karşı 7 evrensel duygunun (öfke, küçük görme, iğrenme, korku, mutluluk, üzüntü, şaşırma) her birini hissetseler ne yapmalarının doğru olacağı soruldu. Araştırmanın en temel bulgusu, duyguların ifadesinin duygunun niteliğine ve sosyal bağlama göre değişmesi olmuştur. Gösterilmesi en uygun bulunan duygu mutluluk olup, bunu sırasıyla şaşırma, üzüntü, öfke, korku, küçük görme ve iğrenme izlemektedir. Sosyal bağlam açısından, ortam ve statü farkının etkisi tüm duygular için anlamlı bulunmuştur. Tüm duyguların, yakın olmayan ilişkilere göre yakın ilişkilerde gösterilmesi daha uygun bulunmuştur. Toplumsal cinsiyet özelliklerinin (katılımcı ve hedefin cinsiyeti) de duyguların ifadesinde rol oynadığı görülmüştür. Türkiye'de ilk kez araştırılan duyguları sergileme kuralları, sosyal psikolojideki bağlamın önemi görüşünü bir kez daha desteklemiştir.
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    Emotional Display Rules and Their Contextual Determinants: An Investigation with University Students in Turkey
    (Turkish Psychologists Assoc, 2011) Boratav, Hale Bolak; Sunar, Diane; Ataca, Bilge
    The study reported here was the Turkish part of a cross-cultural investigation of emotional display rules, which regulate emotional expression according to the social situation. 235 university students (151 females, 84 males) completed the Display Rules Assessment Inventory (DRAI). Participants were asked what a person should do when feeling each of 7 basic universal emotions (anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise) toward each of 20 target persons in either a public or private setting. The most basic finding was that emotional expression varies according to both the nature of the emotion and the social situation. Happiness was the emotion allowed freest expression, followed by surprise, sadness, anger, fear, contempt and disgust, in that order. In terms of the social situation, private/public setting and relative status of the person and target were found to significantly affect display of all 7 emotions. For all emotions, fuller expression was approved in close relationships than in more distant relationships. Gender of person and target, and particularly their interaction, were also found to affect emotional expression. In this first investigation of emotional display rules in Turkey, the importance of the situation in determining social behavior once again received strong support.
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    Mapping expressive differences around the world -: The relationship between emotional display rules and individualism versus collectivism
    (Sage Publications Inc, 2008) Matsumoto, David; Yoo, Seung Hee; Fontaine, Johnny; Anguas-Wong, Ana Maria; Arriola, Monica; Ataca, Bilge; Bond, Michael Harris
    Despite the importance of the concept of cultural display rules in explaining cultural differences in emotional expression and despite the fact that it has been more than 30 years since this concept was coined, there is yet to be a study that surveys display rules across a wide range of cultures. This article reports such a study. More than 5,000 respondents in 32 countries completed the Display Rule Assessment Inventory. The authors examined five hypotheses concerning the relationship between display rules and individualism-collectivism (IC). The findings indicated the existence of several universal effects, including greater expression toward in-groups versus out-groups, and an overall regulation effect. Individualistic and collectivistic cultures differed on overall expressivity endorsement and in norms concerning specific emotions in in-group and out-group situations.