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Öğe Attitudes towards women managers: Development and validation of a new measure with Turkish samples(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2012) Aycan, Zeynep; Bayazit, Mahmut; Berkman, Yonca; Boratav, Hale BolakThis study reports the development of a new instrument measuring attitudes towards women managers (ATWoM). To test its reliability and validity data were collected from 456 Turkish employees from 23 organizations. Reliability and validitiy of ATWoM's final version were also tested with a separate sample comprised 312 students enrolled in junior-senior undergraduate and MBA programmes. ATWoM's psychometric properties were superior to one of the most widely used instruments measuring the same construct, Women as Managers Scale (WAMS). ATWoM was negatively correlated with traditional attitudes towards gender roles and positively correlated with respondents' report of quality in their interaction with women managers and general preference to work with women managers.Öğe Cross-cultural adaptation of the intuitive eating scale-2: psychometric evaluation in a sample in Turkey(Springer, 2021) Akirmak, Umit; Bakiner, Egenur; Boratav, Hale Bolak; Guneri, GulinIntuitive eating is the ability to eat in response to physiological hunger and satiety cues rather than to external or emotional cues. The purpose of this research was to adapt the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2; Tylka and Kroon Van Diest 2013) to Turkish in an adult sample. The factor structure of the IES-2 was evaluated in Study 1 (n = 264) with exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and in Study 2 (n = 271) with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Additionally, the correlations of the IES-2 scores with measures of self-esteem, disordered eating, obsessive thoughts, and body anxiety in social situations were assessed in Study 1 to evaluate the scale's convergent validity. EFA results supported the four-factor structure of the original scale with the following factors: eating for physical rather than emotional reasons (EPR), unconditional permission to eat (UPE), reliance on hunger and satiety cues (RHSC), and body-food choice congruence (BFCC). Intercorrelations between the IES-2 total scores and other study constructs were in the expected direction, and ranged from medium to large. CFA results yielded acceptable fit values and supported the 4-factor model of the original scale. A second-order CFA showed that UPE had no association with the second-order latent variable, Intuitive Eating. The results suggest that the IES-2 is a valid and reliable measure of intuitive eating for the adult population in Turkey. Furthermore, it is recommended that Turkish IES-2 total scores be computed without the UPE items. The findings and clinical implications are discussed, and suggestions for future research in other cultural contexts are provided.Öğe Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Intuitive Eating Scale-2: Psychometric Evaluation in a Sample in Turkey (vol 40, pg 1083, 2021)(Springer, 2021) Akirmak, Umit; Bakiner, Egenur; Boratav, Hale Bolak; Guneri, GulinThe original version of the article unfortunately contained an error. The university name with XXXXX found in page 4, under procedure section, last sentence should be changed to Istanbul Bilgi.Öğe Duyguları sergileme kuralları ve bağlamsal belirleyicileri: Türkiye'de üniversite öğrencileri ile yapılan bir araştırma(Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 2011) Boratav, Hale Bolak; Sunar, DianeÖZET: Bu araştırma, kültürlerarası bir çalışmanın parçası olup Türkiye'de duyguları sergileme kurallarını araştırmaktadır. Sergileme kuralları, erken yaşlarda öğrenilen ve kişilere duygusal ifadelerini sosyal koşullara göre ayarlamasında yardımcı olan ilkeler topluluğudur. İstanbul'da okuyan 235 üniversite öğrencisi (151 kadm, 84 erkek) Sergileme Kurallarını Değerlendirme Envanteri'ni (The Display Rule Assessment Inventory; DRAI) doldurdular. Katılımcılara, iki farklı ortamda (özel veya kamusal) birlikte oldukları 20 hedef kişiye karşı 7 evrensel duygunun (öfke, küçük görme, iğrenme, korku, mutluluk, üzüntü, şaşırma) her birini hissetseler ne yapmalarının doğru olacağı soruldu. Araştırmanın en temel bulgusu, duyguların ifadesinin duygunun niteliğine ve sosyal bağlama göre değişmesi olmuştur. Gösterilmesi en uygun bulunan duygu mutluluk olup, bunu sırasıyla şaşırma, üzüntü, öfke, korku, küçük görme ve iğrenme izlemektedir. Sosyal bağlam açısından, ortam ve statü farkının etkisi tüm duygular için anlamlı bulunmuştur. Tüm duyguların, yakın olmayan ilişkilere göre yakın ilişkilerde gösterilmesi daha uygun bulunmuştur. Toplumsal cinsiyet özelliklerinin (katılımcı ve hedefin cinsiyeti) de duyguların ifadesinde rol oynadığı görülmüştür. Türkiye'de ilk kez araştırılan duyguları sergileme kuralları, sosyal psikolojideki bağlamın önemi görüşünü bir kez daha desteklemiştir.Öğe Emotional Display Rules and Their Contextual Determinants: An Investigation with University Students in Turkey(Turkish Psychologists Assoc, 2011) Boratav, Hale Bolak; Sunar, Diane; Ataca, BilgeThe study reported here was the Turkish part of a cross-cultural investigation of emotional display rules, which regulate emotional expression according to the social situation. 235 university students (151 females, 84 males) completed the Display Rules Assessment Inventory (DRAI). Participants were asked what a person should do when feeling each of 7 basic universal emotions (anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise) toward each of 20 target persons in either a public or private setting. The most basic finding was that emotional expression varies according to both the nature of the emotion and the social situation. Happiness was the emotion allowed freest expression, followed by surprise, sadness, anger, fear, contempt and disgust, in that order. In terms of the social situation, private/public setting and relative status of the person and target were found to significantly affect display of all 7 emotions. For all emotions, fuller expression was approved in close relationships than in more distant relationships. Gender of person and target, and particularly their interaction, were also found to affect emotional expression. In this first investigation of emotional display rules in Turkey, the importance of the situation in determining social behavior once again received strong support.Öğe Feminizm ve psikoloji: sıkıntılı bir ilişki(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2021-02-01) Boratav, Hale BolakÖZET: Bu makalede bir akademik disiplin olan psikoloji ile politik bir hareket ve söylem olan feminizm arasındaki ilişkiler ele alınmaktadır. Feminizm, her türlü baskının karşısında duran ve toplumsal cinsiyet temelinde sosyal adalet tesis etmeyi hedefleyen bir politik harekettir. Feminist psikoloji ise kuramları, yöntemleri ve uygulamaları ile eleştirel bir akımdır. Cinsiyetin psikolojisini ve psikolojinin cinsiyetini irdeler, ve varolan durumun değişmesi için mücadele eder. Makalenin başında, bana akademik çalışmalarımın ibresini feminist psikolojiye çevirmem yönünde ilham vermiş olan bilim kadınlarından öğrendiklerim üzerine, ve yazının, Reflektif’in kadına yönelik şiddet özel sayısında yer almasının önemi konusundaki düşüncelerim yer almaktadır. Makalede, öncelikle, psikoloji ile feminizm arasındaki gerilimli ilişkinin tarihçesi şu alt başlıklarda gözden geçirilmektedir: Feminizm, cinsiyetçilik ve feminist psikoloji; Psikoloji kuram, yöntem ve uygulamalarının feminist eleştirisi; Toplumsal cinsiyet psikolojisi ile ilgili konuların ana akım psikoloji içindeki temsili; Feminist psikologların ana akım psikolojide var olma mücadeleleri ve farklı coğrafyalarda karşılaştıkları direnç; Türkiye’de psikolojide kadın ve toplumsal cinsiyet çalışmalarının gelişimi. Makalenin sonunda, psikoloji ve feminizmin ilişkisinin geleceği ile ilgili temenniler paylaşılmaktadır.Öğe I. Special Focus: Revisiting "the woman question"(Sage Publications Ltd., 2016-08) Boratav, Hale Bolak; Lazard, Lisa; Clegg, Helen[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Making sense of heterosexuality: An exploratory study of young heterosexual identities in Turkey(Springer/Plenum Publishers, 2006) Boratav, Hale BolakOn the basis of the understanding that the shaping, experience, and meaning of sexual identities is informed by the social context, an exploratory study of sexual identities was done with a college sample in urban Turkey. Participants included 225 students taking an introductory psychology course at a private urban university in istanbul (66.5% women, 33.5% men, age range: 18-30 years, M = 20.1, SD = 1.7, 98% heterosexual identified). A questionnaire was used to investigate how young people explain the development of their sexual identity and how it affects their lives. An overwhelming majority identified their sexual identity, feelings, and experiences as always having been the same and were quite confident that their sexual identity would remain the same into the future. Participants saw their heterosexuality as mostly having to do with outside forces including general references to the role of society, culture, and social expectations and norms, family structure and socialization, peer relations, and modeling. Most perceived their sexual identity to have a positive effect on their lives. Results suggest some evidence of interest in and openness to considering issues of sexual identity among these young people, and are discussed in the context of previous research on heterosexual identity development, sociocultural factors, and with reference to the historical meanings of sexual identities and practices in Turkey.Öğe Modern Health Worries, Health Care Utilization, and Symptom Reporting: A Cross-cultural Comparison(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2011) Ozakinci, Gozde; Boratav, Hale Bolak; Mora, Pablo A.Perception of risk to personal health from features of modern life and technology is increasing across the globe. We investigated whether these concerns exist in the Turkish setting in the same degree and whether symptom reports mediate the relationship between modern health worries (MHWs) and health care utilization in the UK and Turkish settings. A total of 506 University of St Andrews students and a total of 424 Turkish university students in Istanbul Bilgi University participated in the study. The factor structure of the MHW scale was similar in both samples and previous literature with the addition of a new factor, oingested toxins.o Turkish sample had higher scores on all items compared to the UK sample. We also tested a moderated mediational hypothesis in both samples which showed that subjective health complaints mediated the relationship between MHWs and health care utilization in both samples.Öğe More Alike than Different: a qualitative exploration of the relational experiences of multicultural couples in Turkey(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Boratav, Hale Bolak; Dogan, Tugce Nur; Soylemez, Yudum; Saydam, Senem ZeytinogluIn this study, multicultural couples' experience of the impact of culture on their romantic relationships was explored. The sample included eight heterosexual couples cohabiting or married for at least 6 months, and who differed in ethnicity, religion, and native language. Women were from Turkey and men were from Germany, Greece, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, and Chile, with ages ranging from 22 to 43. The semi-structured in-depth interviews generated data about the cultural differences participants observed about their partners and how those differences affect the romantic relationship. The thematic analysis revealed three major themes: More Alike Than Different; The Difference Is In The Cultures, Not In The Relationship, and There Is More Room For Growth. Although the couples had cultural differences regarding social and familial structures, they emphasized the similarities which kept them together, and engaged in understanding and empathic communication which helped them overcome the cultural differences. The study also provided information that might help practitioners working with multicultural couples. The findings are discussed in the context of the literature on similarity and compatibility, and limitations and suggestions for further studies are presented. Lay summary This study explored the role of culture on the relationship dynamics of eight heterosexual couples, women from Turkey, and their male partners from different countries. Interviews showed that the partners in these relationships expressed feeling more similar with each other than different, and that they engaged in empathic communication which enhanced marital satisfaction. Results have implications for practitioners working with multicultural couples.Öğe Negotiating power and relationship throughout marital life: narratives of middle-aged women from Turkey(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Ustunel, Anil Ozge; Boratav, Hale Bolak; Fisek, Guler OkmanIntersectional approaches call for the study of gender-power relations as dynamic processes shaped in the context of social structures and locations, and invite the representation of diverse voices. However, these ideas are yet to be fully embraced in empirical family and marriage research. The present study addresses this gap and employs a qualitative design to investigate women's accounts of the spousal relationship and marital power over their marital life cycles in a non-Western context, Turkey. Data comes from individual interviews with 24 middle-aged women who come from different socio-economic levels and reside in different parts of the country. The analysis was conducted in two steps. In the first step, an inductive thematic analysis revealed 4 main themes: (1) transition to marriage, (2) relating to domesticity, (3) negotiating marital power, and (4) emotional tone of marriage. In the second step, a deductive rereading of the data demonstrated variations among women's experiences depending mostly on the intersection of patriarchal tradition with their socio-economic realities, and partly on their geographical locations. Women's accounts pointed to diverse ways of negotiating marital relationship and power over time, including traditional accommodation, resistance/opposition, and sharing/mutual love. The study argues that an intersectional lens can provide new insights into women's agency, empowerment and increasing autonomy in marital relations.Öğe Postpartum depression and its psychosocial correlates: A longitudinal study among a group of women in Turkey(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2016) Boratav, Hale Bolak; Toker, Ozlem; Kuey, LeventThe postpartum period is a window of risk for psychological disturbances and particularly for depressive symptoms. This study explored the relationships between postpartum depression and prepartum depressive symptoms, marital adjustment, support from family, previous depressive symptomology, and pregnancy planning. A total of 128 women who were receiving prenatal care at a state hospital in Istanbul, Turkey, and who were in the last trimester of their pregnancy participated in the first phase of the study. Of these, eighty-seven women also participated in the second phase, during the 3-6month postpartum period. The results indicated that depressed mood in the last trimester of pregnancy, family support, care and support from spouse, previous depression history, and unplanned pregnancy were significant risk factors for postpartum depressive symptoms; significant differences were found for study variables as a function of women's scores on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in pregnancy and in the postpartum period. The recommendation is made to use screening tools, like the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, in the course of routine prenatal care, and to refer women with Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale scores above the cutoff score for further clinical examination.Öğe Searching for Feminism in Psychology in Turkey(Springer, 2011) Boratav, Hale Bolak[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Sexual Stereotypes and Practices of University Students in Turkey(Springer/Plenum Publishers, 2012) Boratav, Hale Bolak; Cavdar, AlevThis article is based on a study of young people and sexuality in Turkey. The focus of this study included messages about sexuality, sexual beliefs, sexual experiences with a view to consent and resistance, religiosity, and certain interrelations therein. A total of 471 students (273 women, M age = 20.5 years, and 198 men, M age = 21 years) from four different universities in Turkey participated in a survey with measures of restrictive and permissive messages about sexuality received from various sources, beliefs about sexual roles of men and women in relationships, and questions about a range of sexual experiences, including coital and non-coital. The incidence and characteristics of ideal sexual partnership and incidence and dynamics of experiences involving token resistance and consent to unwanted sex were specifically investigated. The results provided a snapshot of the sexual lives of students in this country at the crossroads of secularism and traditional Muslim mores. Both commonalities and differences were found across gender. Both men and women received more restrictive than permissive messages. The most important message source was same-sex friends for men and parents for women. Men had more dating and sexual partners than women. The correlations of religiosity and messages with sexual experiences and attitudes were mostly in the expected direction. Women were more likely to have a token resistance incidence and both genders were equally unlikely to consent to unwanted sex. The results were discussed in relation to the cultural context and the relevant literature, and recommendations are offered for future research.Öğe THE PSYCHOLOGICAL TOLL OF HIGH SCHOOL BULLYING: SOCIAL ANXIETY AND COPING STRATEGIES IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS(Tuncay AYDEMİR, 2023) Wise, Ryan; Shakoor, Maham; Boratav, Hale BolakThis qualitative study examines the enduring impact of high school bullying experiences on social anxiety among university students. Utilizing online semistructured interviews conducted via Zoom, data was gathered from eight (N=8) university students who selfidentified as victims of bullying during their high school years. The interview questions asked participants about the nature of bullying experienced, the dynamics of the bullyvictim relationship, the psychological and emotional repercussions, and the coping mechanisms employed. The collected data underwent a rigorous thematic analysis employing Braun and Clarke's (2013) sixstage approach. The findings reveal a significant association between high school bullying and subsequent social anxiety. The analysis uncovers six prominent emergent themes: (1) Emotional and Verbal Bullying, (2) Physical Bullying, (3) the relationship between Bully and Victim, (4) the Psychological and Emotional Impact of High School Bullying, (5) Social Anxiety and Adjustment to University Life, and (6) Coping Strategies. These themes contribute to a deeper understanding of the participants' past experiences, illuminating the enduring effects of high school bullying on psychological wellbeing. The significance of this research is discussed concerning its implications for educational institutions, mental health services, professionals, interventions, and future research directions. The study advocates for further investigations in this area, given the longterm implications on the mental health of victims, and contributes to the growing body of literature positing bullying as a significant public health concern.Öğe Tüberküloz Teşhisi Almış Olma Deneyimi: Kalitatif Bir İnceleme(2021) Küey, Levent; Boratav, Hale Bolak; İnal, Sena Karslıoğluda damgalanma ve başa çıkma süreçlerini anlamaya çalışmaktır. Çalışma kapsamında İstanbul’da tüberküloz tanısı almış ve tedavi sürecinin farklı aşamalarında olan 24 yetişkin birey ile derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Veriler Tematik Analiz adımlarını takip ederek ve MAXQDA yazılımı kullanarak analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular üç ana tema altında toplanmıştır: 1) Tüberküloz tanısı almanın psikososyal etkileri, 2) Başa çıkma, ve 3) Deneyimlerdeki olası farklılaşmayı açıklayan unsurlar. Bulgular varolan alanyazını çerçevesinde tartışılmış, araştırmanın güçlü yönleri ve sınırlılığı belirtilmiş ve gelecek çalışmalar için öneriler paylaşılmıştır. Literatürle uyumlu olarak, kişilerarası ilişkiler ve maddi konularda yaşanan sıkıntılar en belirgin sorunlar olarak, ve başkalarını enfekte etme kaygısı, insanlardan uzak durma ve açılma ile ilgili zorluklar gibi stigmayla da ilişkilenerek öne çıkmaktadır. Bekleneceği gibi, sosyal desteğin varlığı da önemli bir unsur olmaktadır. Başkalarından alınan tepkilerin sadece stigmatize edici olmayışı ve anlayış esirgeme de içerebiliyor olması Türkiye’de daha önce yapılan çalışmalarda TB tanısı almış bireylere yönelik stigmanın orta düzeyde bulunduğu saptaması ile de uygundur. Hem toplumsal stigmayı azaltıcı eğitimlerin, hem de TB tanısı almış ve hastalığı farklı deneyimleyebilen bireylere yönelik psikososyal müdahalelerin faydası olabileceğine dikkat çekilmektedir.Öğe Unpacking Masculinities in the Context of Social Change: Internal Complexities of the Identities of Married Men in Turkey(Sage Publications Inc, 2014) Boratav, Hale Bolak; Fisek, Guler Okman; Ziya, Hande EslenThrough analysis of fifty in-depth interviews with married men from different socioeconomic backgrounds and ages in seven provinces in Turkey, this article examines the internal dilemmas and contradictions in the construction of masculine identities in the context of social change in the country. The focus is on men's experiences of most salient relational contexts with their parents, their children, and their spouses, and the possible implications of these relational experiences as well as prevailing social discourses for how these men negotiate masculinity. Overall, the men's narratives indicate that both the relationship with the children and with the wife are relationships in transition, reflected in the dilemmas and contradictions at the discursive level, as well as between discourse and lived reality, resulting from the juxtaposition of relatively traditional backgrounds and the prevailing discourse of traditionalism with the emerging modernist discourse of egalitarianism. Findings are discussed in the context of the relevant literature and the socio-cultural context.Öğe Values and attitudes of young people in urban Turkey: A further test of Schwartz's theory of values and Kagitcibasi's Model of Family Change(Cambridge Univ Press, 2009) Boratav, Hale Bolak[Abstract Not Available]
